Verbs with two participles: 'aceitado' or 'aceito'?
Most Portuguese verbs have one past participle: falar gives falado, comer gives comido. A group of common verbs has two. There is a long regular form and a shorter irregular one: aceitar gives aceitado and aceito, prender gives prendido and preso, and acender gives acendido and aceso. The general rule is that the long form goes with ter or haver, and the short form goes with ser or estar.
English speakers trip over this because English uses the same word in both slots. We say I have accepted and it was accepted without changing anything. In Portuguese, the auxiliary you choose decides which participle you need. A few everyday verbs also break the rule, so it helps to know which ones.
Use the long, regular participle to talk about what someone has done, with ter (or the more formal haver). This form never changes its ending.
Use the short participle to describe what happened to something (passive, with ser) or the state it is in (with estar, ficar or on its own before a noun). This form behaves like an adjective. It agrees in gender and number: aceso, acesa, acesos, acesas.
In European Portuguese the short form of aceitar is usually aceite: a proposta foi aceite.
With these verbs, keep the long form after ter and the short form after ser or estar. The list includes prender (prendido / preso), used both for arresting and for locking up, acender (acendido / aceso), used for fires and for lights, imprimir (imprimido / impresso), eleger (elegido / eleito), extinguir (extinguido / extinto), soltar (soltado / solto) and expressar (expressado / expresso). The verb exprimir also has the short form expresso.
Limpar (limpado / limpo), secar (secado / seco), fritar (fritado / frito) and salvar (salvado / salvo) follow the same pattern. Salvar works this way both for rescuing people and, in Brazil, for saving a file.
Matar uses matado with ter, but its short form is morto, which it shares with morrer.
The rule breaks down with three very frequent verbs. With ganhar (to win or to earn), gastar and pagar, the short forms ganho, gasto and pago are now normal with ter as well. Pagado sounds old-fashioned almost everywhere. Ganhado and gastado are still heard, especially in Brazil. The safe choice is the short form.
The opposite mistake is more serious. Do not put a long form after ser: foi matado, foi prendido and foi elegido all sound wrong. Also remember that ter + participle never agrees with the object (tinha acendido as velas), while ser or estar + participle always agrees with the subject (as velas estavam acesas).
If a verb has two participles, use the long regular one after ter or haver (tinha prendido) and the short one after ser or estar (foi preso, está aceso). The short form agrees like an adjective. The big exceptions are pagar, ganhar and gastar, where pago, ganho and gasto are normal everywhere, even after ter.







