Italian ordinals from 'primo' to 'millesimo', and how they make fractions
Italian ordinal numbers, the words for first, second, twentieth and so on, behave like ordinary adjectives. They change their ending to match the noun: il primo giorno but la prima volta, i primi giorni, le prime volte. The first ten are irregular words you simply learn (primo, secondo, terzo ... decimo). From eleven onwards, every ordinal is built the same way, by adding -esimo to the number: undicesimo, ventesimo, centesimo.
English speakers tend to trip in two places. English ordinals never change, so it is easy to forget the agreement and say la primo volta. The same words also name fractions (un terzo, tre quarti), and there they follow slightly different rules.
As adjectives, ordinals usually come before the noun and agree with it in gender and number: -o, -a, -i, -e. Most of the time you need the article too, as in il terzo piano or la seconda classe.
To build an ordinal from eleven upwards, take the cardinal number, drop its final vowel and add -esimo: undici gives undicesimo, venti gives ventesimo, ventuno gives ventunesimo, mille gives millesimo. Numbers ending in -tré keep their e and lose the accent, so you get ventitreesimo and trentatreesimo.
For fractions, Italian works much like English. The top number is a cardinal and the bottom one is an ordinal used as a masculine noun: un terzo (one third), due terzi (two thirds), tre quarti (three quarters). The fraction stays masculine even when it refers to something feminine: un quarto della pizza, not una quarta.
Primo and secondo are the ones you will use every day. Terzo, quarto, quinto, sesto, settimo, ottavo, nono and decimo are irregular too, and decimo is the last one you have to learn by heart.
From here on, everything follows the -esimo pattern: undicesimo, dodicesimo, tredicesimo, quattordicesimo, quindicesimo, sedicesimo, diciassettesimo, diciottesimo, diciannovesimo, ventesimo, ventunesimo, trentesimo, centesimo, millesimo.
The fraction nouns terzo and quarto are the most common, but any ordinal can work this way: un quinto, un decimo, un millesimo.
Use mezzo (mezzo litro, un'ora e mezza) or the noun la metà (la metà degli studenti).
With un terzo the verb is usually singular: un terzo degli studenti è assente, where English says are. The plural sono is also heard. With due terzi the verb is plural.
Only the first of the month takes an ordinal: il primo maggio, but il due maggio, il ventuno maggio.
The ordinal follows the name with no article: Papa Giovanni Paolo secondo, Carlo terzo.
Un centesimo is also a cent, and la tredicesima is the extra month's salary paid in December.
Learn primo to decimo by heart. After that, drop the final vowel of the number and add -esimo, but keep the e of -tré (ventitreesimo). As adjectives, ordinals always agree with their noun (la prima volta). As fractions, they are masculine nouns (un terzo, tre quarti), and half is mezzo or la metà, never secondo.







