Changes of state used without an object with 'sich'
In English, we often use the exact same verb for two different situations. You can say that you improve a situation, and you can also say that the situation improves. You change the plan, or the plan changes. The verb form does not change, even though the subject doing the action shifts from the person causing the change to the thing undergoing the change.
German treats this differently. When you act upon an object, you use the standard verb. However, when the object undergoes a change by itself, German often turns the verb into a reflexive verb by adding sich. Even though the situation or the plan is not literally acting upon itself, verbs like sich ändern and sich verbessern use sich to show that the change is happening internally.
When you cause a change, you use a verb that takes a direct object. When the change happens on its own, the object becomes the subject, and the verb takes sich. This sich marks that the verb is used without an object.
For instance, if you make a situation better, you use verbessern. If the situation gets better on its own, the subject is the situation, and the verb becomes sich verbessern.
This pattern is extremely common with physical changes and movements. While you can open or close a door yourself, an automatic door will use sich öffnen or sich schließen. The same logic applies to temperatures with sich aufwärmen or sich erwärmen, and to general movement with sich bewegen or sich entfernen.
Many verbs describing an increase, decrease, or spread also belong to this group. You will see this with words like sich vergrößern, sich verringern, sich ausbreiten, and sich verbreiten. Abstract changes, such as a dream coming true or a situation calming down, use sich erfüllen and sich beruhigen.
It is important to remember that these reflexive change-of-state verbs form their perfect tense with haben, not sein. This is different from many other German verbs of change and motion.
Also, keep in mind that not every automatic change in German uses sich. There are many verbs that do not need it, but for the verbs listed in this article, the alternation between taking a direct object and being used without an object is a core feature. Finally, note that verbs like sich aufwärmen can also be used as true reflexives where a person deliberately acts upon themselves, but the grammar looks exactly the same.
When an object undergoes a change by itself instead of being changed by an outside actor, English usually keeps the verb exactly the same. German, however, frequently adds sich to show that the thing is experiencing the change, turning an action that takes a direct object into a change of state that is used without an object.







