Considering someone a friend with 'halten für' and 'betrachten als'
In English you can simply put two nouns after a verb of judging: I consider him a friend, they regard it a success. German does not allow this. The second part, the thing you judge someone or something to be, needs a little word in front of it: für with halten, and als with betrachten and ansehen.
English speakers often leave that word out and produce sentences like Ich halte ihn einen Freund, which sounds broken to a German ear. Once you link each verb to its little word, the pattern is easy. The same applies to the useful expressions for taking something for granted: für selbstverständlich halten and als selbstverständlich betrachten.
The basic shape is always the same: verb + person or thing + für or als + what you judge them to be. The verb decides which little word you need, so learn them as pairs: halten für, betrachten als, ansehen als.
After the little word you can use a noun or an adjective. With an adjective nothing else changes, because adjectives used this way have no ending.
Rule of thumb: if English could say consider X Y or regard X as Y, German needs für or als before Y.
halten in this meaning always takes für, and für is always followed by the accusative. It often expresses an opinion that may or may not be true.
betrachten and ansehen both take als. They sound a little more like a settled view than an opinion. Remember that ansehen is separable, so an goes to the end of the clause.
German has no single verb for take for granted. Instead you use the adjective selbstverständlich (obvious, natural) with the same pairs: für selbstverständlich halten, als selbstverständlich betrachten and als selbstverständlich ansehen. They all mean the same thing.
als does not choose a case of its own. The noun after it simply copies the case of the word it describes. In an active sentence that is the accusative object, so you get als einen Freund. In a passive sentence the person is the subject, so the noun switches to the nominative.
Compare this with für, which stays accusative no matter what: Er wird für einen Lügner gehalten. The article after als is often dropped anyway (als Freund, als Held), which takes much of the worry away.
nennen (to call) really does take two bare accusatives, just like English.
Other verbs of judging follow the für and als pattern too, for example bezeichnen als (to describe as) and für tot erklären (to declare dead).
When you judge someone or something to be something, German never puts two bare nouns side by side. Use halten für + accusative, and betrachten als or ansehen als, where the noun after als copies the case of the word it describes. To take something for granted, say für selbstverständlich halten or als selbstverständlich betrachten / ansehen.







