'Facile da leggere': adjectives like 'easy' and 'hard' with 'da' + infinitive
In English you say that a book is easy to read or that a word is hard to pronounce. Italian builds the same idea with da before the infinitive: facile da leggere, difficile da pronunciare, impossibile da risolvere. The infinitive describes something you do to the noun. The book is the thing being read, and the word is the thing being pronounced.
English speakers often get this wrong because English uses plain to here. They reach for a, di or per, or they drop the preposition entirely. They also tend to mix this pattern up with è facile leggere, which looks almost the same but is built differently.
The pattern is noun + essere + adjective + da + infinitive. The noun is the subject of the sentence, but it is also the understood object of the verb that follows. This is why the adjective agrees with the noun: istruzioni difficili, una valigia pesante.
Compare two ways of saying nearly the same thing. When the thing you read is the subject, you need da:
When the sentence starts with an impersonal è facile (it is easy), the infinitive is the real subject. It comes straight after the adjective with no preposition, and the object follows the verb:
Here is a rule of thumb. If the noun comes before the adjective and the verb is done to it, use da. If you start with è + adjective and the object comes after the verb, use no preposition.
The core of the group is adjectives of ease and difficulty. Facile and semplice say that something takes little effort. Semplice suggests that it is not complicated.
Difficile, impossibile, complicato and complesso go the other way. Complesso sounds a little more formal and often describes situations, problems or texts.
Agevole is a more formal word for easy or smooth. You will see it in written directions and descriptions. A literary word for hard, arduo, works the same way.
Physical effort works too. Pesante and faticoso describe how hard something is to carry or to do.
A few adjectives that express an opinion also take this pattern, mostly with verbs of seeing and hearing. Bello and piacevole are the common ones.
Three mistakes come up again and again:
- Using the wrong preposition: say facile da capire, not facile a capire, facile di capire or facile per capire.
- Adding an object pronoun: the noun is already the object, so questo libro è facile da leggere is correct and facile da leggerlo is not.
- Adding da to the impersonal version: say è difficile capire le istruzioni, not è difficile da capire le istruzioni.
This pattern does not work with every adjective. It fits adjectives of ease, difficulty and effort, plus a handful of pleasant or unpleasant experiences. With possibile, Italians usually prefer è possibile farlo.
The same da + infinitive appears after nouns and pronouns, again with the sense of something to be done:
When a noun is described as easy, hard, heavy or pleasant to do something to, put da before the infinitive: un testo facile da capire, una valigia pesante da portare. Make the adjective agree with the noun and add no object pronoun. If you start with an impersonal è facile or è difficile instead, drop the da and put the object after the verb: è facile capire questo testo.







