Chance, permission, courage: Italian nouns that take 'di' before a verb
In English, a noun like chance, permission or freedom is usually followed by to and a verb: the chance to travel, permission to leave. Italian links these nouns to the following verb with di, not with a or per: l'occasione di viaggiare, il permesso di uscire, la libertà di scegliere.
This is where English speakers slip. The word to seems to call for a, or the idea of purpose suggests per. A small, very common group of nouns follows the di pattern. They express an opportunity, a permission, an ability, or a closely related idea such as courage or duty. Once you know the group, the pattern becomes automatic.
The construction is simple: noun + di + infinitive. The infinitive never changes, and di does not combine with an article, because it comes before a verb, not a noun. Before a vowel, di often shortens to d' in speech and informal writing.
Object pronouns attach to the end of the infinitive, as usual: l'occasione di conoscerla (the chance to meet her).
Rule of thumb: when English says the chance to, permission to, the ability to, the freedom to, the courage to or the duty to, Italian uses di.
Occasione and opportunità both mean opportunity. Occasione is more everyday, and opportunità sounds a little more formal. Possibilità covers both possibility and chance.
Permesso is masculine, so you say il permesso. Libertà is often used for bigger ideas, but it works in daily life too.
Capacità is the ability or skill to do something.
These three are not about opportunity, but they fall into the same trap, because English also puts to after them.
The typical mistake is translating to word for word. Avoid il permesso a entrare; say il permesso di entrare. You will sometimes hear per after occasione, as in un'occasione per festeggiare (an occasion for celebrating), but it carries a sense of purpose. With di you are always safe.
The person takes a and the action keeps di: dare a qualcuno il permesso di fare qualcosa. The formal word autorizzazione (authorisation) works the same way.
The di belongs to the noun. With the adjective, there is no preposition: è possibile scegliere, but c'è la possibilità di scegliere.
Not every word for skill copies capacità. Words such as abilità and competenza are more often followed by in + noun than by di + infinitive. You already know some related expressions: avere paura di, avere voglia di and la speranza di also take di, but English translates them differently (afraid of, feel like, hope of).
When a noun expresses a chance, a permission, an ability, a freedom, courage, duty or intention, link it to the next verb with di + infinitive: l'occasione di parlare, il permesso di entrare, il coraggio di dire. Even when English says to, Italian says di.







