Talking about the weather with 'estar' and 'fazer'
In English, the weather almost always takes the verb to be: it is cold, it is sunny, it is windy. Portuguese splits this job between two verbs. Adjectives such as nublado, ensolarado and chuvoso go with estar: está nublado. Nouns such as frio, calor, sol and vento go with fazer or estar: faz frio, está sol.
English speakers tend to reach for ser, because ser feels like the everyday translation of to be. For the weather you see when you look out of the window today, that is the wrong choice. Weather is a passing state, so Portuguese treats it like one.
There are two patterns, and the type of word you are using tells you which one to use.
estar + adjective, for example está nublado, está quente, está chuvoso.
fazer + noun or estar + noun, for example faz frio, está calor, está vento.
The verb is always in the ele/ela form, because there is no real subject. English uses the word it to fill the space, and Portuguese uses nothing at all. To ask about the weather, use tempo with estar.
Notice the contrast with English here. English turns the noun into an adjective (sunny, windy), but Portuguese is happy to keep the noun: literally, it is sun and it makes heat.
frio, calor, sol and vento all work with both verbs. Faz frio and está frio are both correct. Fazer sounds slightly more general, while estar focuses on right now. Use muito to make the meaning stronger, not muito plus an adjective: está muito vento.
quente and fresco describe the temperature, and ameno means pleasantly mild.
nublado (also encoberto) means cloudy. ensolarado (in Portugal often soalheiro) means sunny. limpo (or claro) describes a clear, cloudless sky.
ventoso, chuvoso and tempestuoso also take estar. For the future, use vai estar.
In Portugal, nevoeiro works like sol and vento: está nevoeiro. You will also hear há nevoeiro.
Faz frio describes the air. When you feel cold, say estou com frio or tenho frio. Never say estou frio, which would describe your body temperature as if you were an object.
The rule is about current weather. When you describe the typical climate of a place, a permanent feature, ser is normal.
Está sol and está vento are typical of Portugal. In Brazil, people more often say está fazendo sol, está fazendo frio, or use a verb: está ventando. In Portugal the equivalent for actions happening right now is está a fazer frio. The spelling also differs: Brazil writes úmido, Portugal writes húmido.
For today's weather, never use ser. Put adjectives after estar (está nublado, está quente) and put nouns after fazer or estar (faz frio, está sol). Keep ser for the climate of a place, and use estou com frio when it is you who feels cold.







