Nationality words in '-ês': 'inglês', 'inglesa', 'ingleses'
Many Portuguese words for nationalities end in -ês: inglês, francês, português, japonês, chinês. They have four forms, and only one of them has the little hat on the e. The masculine singular is inglês. The feminine and plural forms inglesa, ingleses and inglesas are written without it.
English speakers tend to copy the accent into every form and write inglêsa or portuguêses, because in English a word's spelling doesn't change when it describes a woman or a group. There's a second habit to unlearn: in Portuguese these words are written in lowercase, so you write ela é inglesa, not ela é Inglesa.
Take inglês as the model. It has four forms:
- inglês: masculine singular (with accent)
- inglesa: feminine singular (no accent)
- ingleses: masculine plural (no accent)
- inglesas: feminine plural (no accent)
Why does the accent disappear? The stress never moves: it always falls on the e: in-GLÊS, in-GLE-sa, in-GLE-ses. In inglês that stressed syllable is the last one, and a word ending in -es would normally be stressed earlier, so Portuguese needs the circumflex to mark it. Once you add -a or -es, the stress falls on the second-to-last syllable, which is the normal position, and the accent is no longer needed.
The same words also name languages, and those are lowercase too: o inglês (English, the language), o português (Portuguese). Capital letters are only for the country: Inglaterra, Portugal.
The most common ones are francês, português, japonês and chinês. Each works exactly like inglês: francesa, portugueses, japonesas, chineses.
Many European nationalities follow the same pattern: holandês (Dutch), irlandês (Irish), escocês (Scottish) and galês (Welsh).
The same goes for Northern Europe: dinamarquês (Danish), norueguês (Norwegian), finlandês (Finnish) and polonês (Polish).
The typical mistakes are carrying the accent into other forms (inglêsa, francêses) and capitalizing the word. Write the circumflex only when the word ends in -ês itself.
Only words in -ês follow this pattern. Other nationalities have their own endings: alemão becomes alemã and alemães, espanhol becomes espanhola and espanhóis, brasileiro becomes brasileira, and belga is the same for men and women. They are still lowercase, though.
A few regional notes: polonês is the Brazilian word, while Portugal usually says polaco. Besides holandês, you will also meet neerlandês for Dutch, and it behaves the same way (neerlandesa).
The pattern isn't limited to nationalities. Camponês (peasant) gives camponesa and camponeses. But cortês (polite) has no separate feminine form: you say uma senhora cortês, and only the plural corteses drops the accent.
Words ending in -ês only keep the circumflex in the masculine singular: inglês, but inglesa, ingleses, inglesas. The stress stays on the same e, so the accent isn't needed once an ending is added. Nationalities and languages are always written in lowercase.







