'Hablo español, pero el español es difícil': articles with languages
In Spanish, a language name sometimes appears on its own and sometimes with the article el. You say hablo francés (I speak French), with no article. You also say el francés es bonito (French is beautiful), and there the article is required. The same pattern applies to every language name: inglés, alemán, chino, español and all the others.
English speakers find this tricky because English never uses the with a language. You say French is beautiful, not the French is beautiful. So learners often drop the article when Spanish needs it. Some then overcorrect and add it after hablar, where it sounds odd.
Word list
alemánmA1Germanhablo alemán = I speak German / el alemán = GermanchinomA1Chinesehablo chino = I speak Chinese / el chino = ChineseespañolmA1Spanishhablo español = I speak Spanish / el español = SpanishfrancésmA1Frenchhablo francés = I speak French / el francés = FrenchinglésmA1Englishhablo inglés = I speak English / el inglés = EnglishitalianomA1Italianhablo italiano = I speak Italian / el italiano = ItalianárabeA2Arabichablo árabe = I speak Arabic / el árabe = ArabicholandésmA2Dutchhablo holandés = I speak Dutch / el holandés = DutchjaponésmA2Japanesehablo japonés = I speak Japanese / el japonés = JapaneseneerlandésmA2Dutchhablo neerlandés = I speak Dutch / el neerlandés = DutchportuguésmA2Portuguesehablo portugués = I speak Portuguese / el portugués = PortugueserusomA2Russianhablo ruso = I speak Russian / el ruso = RussiancoreanomB1Koreanhablo coreano = I speak Korean / el coreano = KoreangriegomB1Greekhablo griego = I speak Greek / el griego = GreekirlandésmB1Irishhablo irlandés = I speak Irish / el irlandés = IrishturcomB1Turkishhablo turco = I speak Turkish / el turco = TurkishcatalánmB2Catalanhablo catalán = I speak Catalan / el catalán = CatalanchecomB2Czechhablo checo = I speak Czech / el checo = CzechdanésmB2Danishhablo danés = I speak Danish / el danés = DanisheuskeraB2Basquehablo euskera = I speak Basque / el euskera = BasquefinlandésmB2Finnishhablo finlandés = I speak Finnish / el finlandés = FinnishhúngaromB2Hungarianhablo húngaro = I speak Hungarian / el húngaro = HungarianindonesiomB2Indonesianhablo indonesio = I speak Indonesian / el indonesio = IndonesianlatínmB2Latinhablo latín = I speak Latin / el latín = LatinnoruegomB2Norwegianhablo noruego = I speak Norwegian / el noruego = NorwegianpolacomB2Polishhablo polaco = I speak Polish / el polaco = PolishsuecomB2Swedishhablo sueco = I speak Swedish / el sueco = SwedishvascomB2Basquehablo vasco = I speak Basque / el vasco = BasquebúlgaromC1Bulgarianhablo búlgaro = I speak Bulgarian / el búlgaro = BulgariancroataC1Croatianhablo croata = I speak Croatian / el croata = CroatianfinésmC1Finnishhablo finés = I speak Finnish / el finés = FinnishgalésmC1Welshhablo galés = I speak Welsh / el galés = WelshrumanomC1Romanianhablo rumano = I speak Romanian / el rumano = RomanianucranianomC1Ukrainianhablo ucraniano = I speak Ukrainian / el ucraniano = UkrainianucraniomC1Ukrainianhablo ucranio = I speak Ukrainian / el ucranio = Ukrainian
How it works
Language names are masculine nouns, so the article is always el. Whether you need it depends on the job the word does in the sentence.
No article directly after hablar, and usually none after aprender, estudiar, saber or entender. It is also dropped after en: en inglés (in English).
Article needed when the language is the subject of the sentence. This includes the thing that is liked with gustar: me gusta el italiano.
Article needed when a phrase after the word pins the language down to a specific variety: el español de México.
Here is a simple test. If the language is simply the thing you speak or study, leave the article out. If you are saying something about the language, use el.
Hablo inglés y un poco de español.
(I speak English and a little Spanish.)
El español es la lengua oficial de veinte países.
(Spanish is the official language of twenty countries.)
Me gusta mucho el japonés.
(I really like Japanese.)
The words
The big European languages are the ones you will use first: inglés, francés, alemán, italiano, portugués and of course español. They follow the rule exactly.
Estudio francés y aprendo italiano.
(I study French and I'm learning Italian.)
El alemán tiene tres géneros.
(German has three genders.)
Languages from further away work the same way: chino, japonés, coreano, ruso, ucraniano, árabe, turco and indonesio.
¿Cómo se dice esto en chino?
(How do you say this in Chinese?)
El ruso usa el alfabeto cirílico.
(Russian uses the Cyrillic alphabet.)
The same goes for the languages of Spain: catalán, euskera and gallego. It also covers classical languages such as latín and griego.
En Barcelona se habla catalán, pero el euskera se habla en el norte.
(In Barcelona people speak Catalan, but Basque is spoken in the north.)
Estudió latín y griego en el colegio.
(He studied Latin and Greek at school.)
Finally, the rest of Europe: sueco, noruego, danés, finlandés (also finés), holandés (also neerlandés), polaco, checo, húngaro, rumano, galés and irlandés. You will meet these later, but they behave exactly the same.
El sueco y el noruego se parecen mucho.
(Swedish and Norwegian are very similar.)
Watch out
After a preposition, the article can merge
When you translate from a language, de + el becomes del. After en, though, you normally use no article.
La novela está traducida del árabe.
(The novel is translated from Arabic.)
Adjectives do not always bring back el
Words like buen or perfecto describe how well someone speaks. They go with un or with nothing at all. You only need el when a phrase narrows the language down to one variety, as in el español de México.
Mi profesor habla muy buen polaco.
(My teacher speaks very good Polish.)
El español de México es un poco diferente.
(Mexican Spanish is a little different.)
Aprender and estudiar allow both
Estudio el húngaro is not wrong, but estudio húngaro is far more common and always safe. After hablar, skip the article.
One separate point: language names are always written in lowercase in Spanish, even though English capitalizes them.
Summary
Say hablo inglés, estudio chino and en francés, with no article, when the language is just what you speak, learn or use. Use el when you talk about the language itself (el alemán es difícil, me gusta el italiano) or when you specify a variety (el español de México).